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How Much Does A Retired Lieutenant General Make With 41 Years Service

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US Army full general

Leslie Groves
Leslie Groves.jpg

Leslie Groves, pictured here as a major full general.
Birth name Leslie Richard Groves, Jr.
Born (1896-08-17)17 August 1896
Albany, New York, Us
Died 13 July 1970(1970-07-xiii) (anile 73)
Washington, D.C., The states
Place of burial

Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, United States
Allegiance United states
Service/branch U.s. Army
Years of service 1918–1948
Rank US-O9 insignia.svg Lieutenant Full general
Unit United States Army Corps of Engineers logo.svg Corps of Engineers
Commands held War machine Special Weapons Project
Manhattan Project
Battles/wars World War I
Occupation of Nicaragua
World State of war II
Awards Regular army Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Companion of the Society of the Bath (United Kingdom)
Medal of Merit (Nicaragua)
Other work Vice President Sperry Rand
Signature Leslie Groves Signature.png

Lieutenant General Leslie Richard Groves Jr. (17 August 1896 – 13 July 1970) was a Us Army Corps of Engineers officer who oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and directed the Manhattan Project, a peak secret enquiry projection that adult the atomic bomb during World War II.

The son of a U.S. Army chaplain, Groves lived at various Army posts during his childhood. In 1918, he graduated quaternary in his grade at the U.S. War machine Academy at West Point and was deputed into the U.Due south. Ground forces Corps of Engineers. In 1929, he went to Nicaragua as office of an trek to conduct a survey for the Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal. Following the 1931 earthquake, Groves took over Managua's water supply organization, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit. He attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1935 and 1936; and the Army State of war College in 1938 and 1939, after which he was posted to the War Department Full general Staff. Groves developed "a reputation every bit a doer, a driver, and a stickler for duty"[one] and in 1940 he became special assistant for construction to the Quartermaster General, tasked with inspecting construction sites and checking on their progress. In August 1941, he was appointed to create the gigantic office circuitous for the War Section's forty,000 staff that would ultimately become the Pentagon.

In September 1942, Groves took charge of the Manhattan Project. He was involved in most aspects of the diminutive bomb'southward development: he participated in the selection of sites for research and production at Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Los Alamos, New Mexico; and Hanford, Washington. He directed the enormous structure try, fabricated critical decisions on the various methods of isotope separation, acquired raw materials, directed the drove of military intelligence on the German nuclear energy project and helped select the cities in Japan that were chosen as targets. Groves wrapped the Manhattan Project in security, only spies working within the projection were able to pass some of its almost important secrets to the Soviet Union.

After the state of war, Groves remained in charge of the Manhattan Project until responsibility for nuclear weapons production was handed over to the United States Atomic Free energy Committee in 1947. He and then headed the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, which had been created to control the military aspects of nuclear weapons. He was given a dressing downwardly by the Army Primary of Staff, General of the Ground forces Dwight D. Eisenhower, and told that he would never be appointed Primary of Engineers. Three days later, Groves announced his intention to exit the Ground forces. He was promoted to lieutenant full general only before his retirement on 29 Feb 1948 in recognition of his leadership of the flop program. By a special Act of Congress, his appointment of rank was backdated to 16 July 1945, the date of the Trinity nuclear test. He went on to become a vice-president at Sperry Rand.

Early life [edit]

Leslie Richard Groves Jr. was built-in in Albany, New York, on 17 Baronial 1896,[2] the 3rd son of 4 children of a pastor, Leslie Richard Groves Sr., and his married woman Gwen née Griffith.[3] He was one-half Welsh and half English, with some French Huguenot ancestors who came to the United states of america in the 17th century.[4] Leslie Groves Sr. resigned every bit pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian church building in Albany in December 1896 to get a United States Ground forces chaplain. He was posted to the 14th Infantry at Vancouver Barracks in Washington in 1897.[3] Following the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, Chaplain Groves was sent to Cuba with the 8th Infantry. On returning to Vancouver Barracks, he was ordered to rejoin the 14th Infantry in the Philippines; service in the Philippine–American War and the Boxer Rebellion followed.[v] The 14th Infantry returned to the United States in 1901 and moved to Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The family relocated to there from Vancouver, and then moved to Fort Hancock, New Jersey, and returned to Vancouver in 1905. Chaplain Groves was hospitalized with tuberculosis at Fort Bayard in 1905. He decided to settle in southern California and bought a house in Altadena. His next posting was to Fort Apache, Arizona. The family spent their summers at that place and returned to Altadena where the children attended school.[vi]

In 1911, Chaplain Groves was ordered to return to the 14th Infantry, which was now stationed at Fort William Henry Harrison, Montana. At Fort Harrison, Groves met Grace (Boo) Wilson, the daughter of Colonel Richard Hulbert Wilson, a career Regular army officer who had served with Chaplain Groves during the 8th Infantry's posting to Cuba. In 1913, the 14th Infantry moved once more, this time to Fort Lawton in Seattle, Washington.[seven] Groves entered Queen Anne High School in 1913, and graduated in 1914. While completing loftier school, Groves also enrolled in courses at the University of Washington, in apprehension of attempting to gain an appointment to the Usa Military machine University. Groves earned a nomination from President Wilson, which immune him to compete for a vacancy, simply did not score high enough mark on the examination to exist admitted. Charles W. Bong from California'southward 9th congressional district nominated Groves as an alternating, but the principal nominee accepted. Instead, Groves enrolled at the Massachusetts Found of Technology (MIT) and planned to re-accept the West Point entrance test. In 1916, Groves tested again, attained a passing score, and was accepted.[eight] He later said "Inbound Due west Point fulfilled my greatest ambition. I had been brought up in the Ground forces, and in the main had lived on Regular army posts all my life."[nine]

Groves' class entered W Point on xv June 1916, but the United States declaration of state of war on Deutschland in April 1917 led to their program of teaching being shortened equally the State of war Emergency Form (WEC), which graduated on 1 November 1918, a year and a one-half ahead of schedule. Groves finished fourth in his form, which earned him a commission as a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, the start selection of most high ranking cadets.[x] [11]

At MIT he had played lawn tennis informally merely at West Point he could not skate for water ice hockey, did not like basketball, and was not proficient plenty for baseball or track. So football was his only sport. He said that "I was the number two centre only was on the bench most of the time every bit in those days yous didn't accept substitutes and unremarkably the number one played the whole game. I was not very heavy, and today would be considered likewise low-cal to play at all".[12]

Betwixt the wars [edit]

Subsequently the traditional month's leave following graduation from West Point, Groves reported to Camp A. A. Humphreys, Virginia, in Dec 1918, where he was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 May 1919.[x] He was sent to French republic in June on an educational tour of the European battlefields of World War I.[11] Subsequently returning from Europe, Groves became a student officer at the Engineer School at Camp Humphreys in September 1919.[10] On graduation he was posted to the 7th Engineers at Fort Benning, Georgia, as a company commander.[10] He returned to Military camp Humphreys in February 1921 for the Engineer Basic Officers' Course.[13] On graduation in August 1921, he was posted to the 4th Engineers, stationed at Campsite Lewis, Washington. He was and then posted to Fort Worden in command of a survey detachment.[10] This was shut to Seattle, so he was able to pursue his courting of Grace Wilson (1897–1986), who had become a kindergarten teacher. They were married in St. Cloudless'southward Episcopal Church in Seattle on 10 February 1922.[13] Their union produced two children: a son, Richard Hulbert, born in 1923, and a daughter, Gwen, born in 1928.[14]

In November 1922, Groves received his outset overseas posting, as a visitor commander with the 3rd Engineers at the Schofield Barracks in Hawaii.[10] He earned a commendation for his work there, amalgam a trail from Kahuku to Pupukea. In Nov 1925 he was posted to Galveston, Texas, equally an assistant to the Commune Engineer, Major Julian Schley. Groves' duties included opening the channel at Port Isabel and supervising dredging operations in Galveston Bay. In 1927 he became commander of Company D, 1st Engineers, at Fort DuPont, Delaware. During the New England Flood of November 1927 he was sent to Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont, to assist with a disengagement of the 1st Engineers. After a pontoon bridge they synthetic was swamped and swept abroad by the flood waters, Groves was accused of negligence. A month later Groves and several of his men were seriously injured, 1 fatally, when a block of TNT prematurely detonated. Groves' superior wrote a critical written report on him, but the Chief of Engineers, Major General Edgar Jadwin, interceded, attributing blame to Groves' superiors instead. Groves was returned to Fort DuPont.[14]

In 1929, Groves departed for Nicaragua in charge of a company of the 1st Engineers as part of an expedition whose purpose was to conduct a survey for the Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Culvert. Following the 1931 Nicaragua earthquake, Groves took over responsibility for Managua'south water supply system, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit. Groves was promoted to captain on xx October 1934. He attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1935 and 1936, later on which he was posted to Kansas City, Missouri, as assistant to the commander of the Missouri River Sectionalization. In 1938 and 1939 he attended the Army War College. On 1 July 1939, he was posted to the War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C.[15]

Earth War Two [edit]

Structure Division [edit]

Expansive view of a construction site with lots of parked cars, scaffolding and cranes. There are a number of demountables in the foreground.

Northwest exposure showing construction of the Pentagon, one July 1942

Groves was promoted to major on i July 1940. Three weeks later, he became special banana for construction to the Quartermaster General, Major Full general Edmund B. Gregory.[16] The ii men had known each other a long fourth dimension, as Groves' father was a close friend of Gregory's. At this point, the United states of america Ground forces was most to embark on a national mobilization, and it was the task of the Construction Segmentation of the Quartermaster Corps to prepare the necessary accommodations and training facilities for the vast army that would exist created. The enormous construction program had been dogged past bottlenecks, shortages, delays, spiralling costs, and poor living conditions at the construction sites. Newspapers began publishing accounts charging the Construction Sectionalization with incompetence, ineptitude, and inefficiency.[17] Groves, who "had a reputation as a doer, a driver, and a stickler for duty",[1] was 1 of a number of engineer officers brought in to plow the projection around. He was tasked with inspecting construction sites and checking on their progress.[1]

On 12 November 1940, Gregory asked Groves to have over command of the Fixed Fee Branch of the Construction Division as shortly as his promotion to colonel came through. Groves assumed his new rank and duties on fourteen Nov 1940.[17] Groves later recalled:

During the first week that I was on duty there, I could not walk out of my office down the corridor to Hartman's office without beingness literally assailed past the officers or civilian engineers with liaison responsibleness for various camps. It is no exaggeration to state that during this flow decisions involving up to $5,000,000 [$97,000,000 with inflation[18]] were made at the rate of most one every 100 feet of corridor walked.[17]

First, General Groves is the biggest South.O.B. I accept ever worked for. He is most demanding. He is virtually critical. He is always a driver, never a praiser. He is abrasive and sarcastic. He disregards all normal organizational channels. He is extremely intelligent. He has the guts to brand difficult, timely decisions. He is the near egotistical homo I know. He knows he is right and so sticks by his conclusion. He abounds with free energy and expects everyone to work equally hard or even harder than he does. Although he gave me bang-up responsibility and adequate authority to behave out his mission-type orders, he constantly meddled with my subordinates. However, to compensate for that he had a small staff, which meant that we were non subject to the usual staff-type heckling. He ruthlessly protected the overall project from other government agency interference, which made my task easier. He seldom accepted other agency cooperation and then just on his own terms. During the state of war and since I accept had the opportunity to encounter many of our nigh outstanding leaders in the Army, Navy and Air Force as well as many of our outstanding scientific, engineering and industrial leaders. And in summary, if I had to do my part of the atomic bomb project over again and had the privilege of picking my dominate I would pick General Groves.

Kenneth D. Nichols[19]

Groves instituted a series of reforms. He installed phone lines for the Supervising Construction Quartermasters, demanded weekly reports on progress, ordered that reimbursement vouchers be processed within a calendar week, and sent expediters to sites reporting shortages. He ordered his contractors to hire whatever special equipment they needed and to pay premium prices if necessary to guarantee quick commitment. Instead of assuasive structure of camps to proceed in whatever order the contractors saw fit, Groves laid down priorities for completion of camp facilities, so that the troops could begin moving in even while structure was all the same under way. Past mid-December, the worst of the crisis was over. Over half a one thousand thousand men had been mobilized and essential accommodations and facilities for 2 million men were 95 per cent complete.[17] Betwixt 1 July 1940 and 10 December 1941, the Construction Division let contracts worth $i,676,293,000 ($thirty,882,500,000 with inflation[eighteen]), of which $1,347,991,000 ($24,834,100,000 with inflation[18]), or near fourscore per cent, were stock-still-fee contracts.[twenty]

On 19 Baronial 1941, Groves was summoned to a meeting with the caput of the Construction Division, Brigadier Full general Brehon B. Somervell. In attendance were Captain Clarence Renshaw, one of Groves' assistants; Major Hugh J. Casey, the chief of the Construction Division's Design and Technology Section; and George Bergstrom, a onetime president of the American Institute of Architects. Casey and Bergstrom had designed an enormous office complex to firm the War Section's 40,000 staff together in 1 building, a 5-story, 5-sided structure, which would ultimately become the Pentagon. The Pentagon had a full foursquare footage of 5,100,000 square anxiety (470,000 mii)—twice that of the Empire State Edifice—making information technology the largest function building in the earth. The estimated cost was $35 meg ($644,800,000 with inflation[eighteen]), and Somervell wanted 500,000 square feet (46,000 one thousandtwo) of flooring space available past 1 March 1942. Bergstrom became the builder-engineer with Renshaw in accuse of construction, reporting directly to Groves.[21] At its acme the project employed thirteen,000 persons. By the end of April, the first occupants were moving in and 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 mtwo) of space was ready by the end of May.[22] In the end, the project cost some $63 million ($ane,160,700,000 with inflation[18]).[23]

Groves steadily overcame one crisis after some other, dealing with strikes, shortages, competing priorities and engineers who were non up to their tasks. He worked six days a week in his function in Washington, D.C. During the week he would determine which project was in the greatest need of personal attending and pay it a visit on Sunday. Groves later recalled that he was "hoping to get to a war theater so I could find a niggling peace."[24]

Manhattan Project [edit]

Columned facade of a building.

The Manhattan Engineer District (MED) was formally established by the Main of Engineers, Major Full general Eugene Reybold on 16 August 1942. The name was chosen by Groves and MED's commune engineer, Colonel James C. Marshall. Like other engineer districts, it was named after the city where its headquarters was located, at 270 Broadway. Unlike the others, however, it had no geographic boundaries, only a mission: to develop an diminutive bomb. Moreover, Marshall had the authorisation of a sectionalisation engineer head and reported straight to Reybold. Although Reybold was satisfied with the progress beingness made, Dr. Vannevar Bush was less so. He felt that aggressive leadership was required, and suggested the appointment of a prestigious officeholder as overall project director. Somervell, now Primary of Regular army Service Forces, recommended Groves.[25] Somervell met Groves outside the hearing room where Groves had been testifying before a Us Congress commission on military housing and informed him that "The Secretary of War has selected you for a very important assignment, and the President has canonical the option ... If you lot do the task right, it will win the war." Groves could not hide his disappointment at non receiving a combat assignment: "Oh, that thing," he replied.[26]

A man in shirt and tie and another wearing a suit stand behind a writing desk. On the wall behind is a map of the Pacific.

Groves met with Major General Wilhelm D. Styer in his function at the Pentagon to hash out the details. They agreed that in order to avert suspicion, Groves would continue to supervise the Pentagon project. He would be promoted to brigadier general, as information technology was felt that the championship "general" would concur more sway with the academic scientists working on the Manhattan Projection.[27] Groves therefore waited until his promotion came through on 23 September 1942 earlier assuming his new command. His orders placed him directly under Somervell rather than Reybold, with Marshall now answerable to Groves.[25] Groves was given authority to sign contracts for the projection from 1 September 1942. Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson (retrospectively) delegated his authority from the President nether the War Powers Act of 1941 in a memorandum to Groves dated 17 April 1944. Groves delegated the authority to Nichols, except that contracts of $5 million or more required his authority. The written authorization was simply given in 1944 when Nichols was about to sign a contract with Du Pont, and it was plant that Nichols original potency to sign project contracts from Colonel Marshall was based on a exact authority from Styer, and Nichols only had the depression delegated authority of a divisional engineer.[28]

Groves shortly decided to establish his project headquarters on the fifth flooring of the New State of war Department Edifice (now known every bit the Harry S Truman Building) in Washington, D.C., where Marshall had maintained a liaison function.[29] In August 1943, the MED headquarters (and Nichols, who was in charge of the production facilities at Hanford and Oak Ridge) moved to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, but the proper noun of the commune did non alter.[30]

Construction accounted for roughly 90 per centum of the Manhattan Project's total price.[31] The mean solar day after Groves took over, he and Marshall took a train to Tennessee to inspect the site that Marshall had chosen for the proposed product establish at Oak Ridge. Groves was suitably impressed with the site,[32] and steps were taken to condemn the land. Protests, legal appeals, and congressional inquiries were to no avail. Past mid-November The states Marshals were tacking notices to vacate on farmhouse doors, and construction contractors were moving in.[33]

Meanwhile, Groves had met with J. Robert Oppenheimer, the University of California, Berkeley physicist, and discussed the creation of a laboratory where the bomb could be designed and tested. Groves was impressed with the breadth of Oppenheimer's knowledge. A long conversation on a train in Oct 1942 convinced Groves and his deputy Kenneth Nichols that Oppenheimer thoroughly understood the issues involved in setting up a laboratory in a remote area. These were features that Groves institute lacking in other scientists, and he knew that broad cognition would be vital in an interdisciplinary project that would involve not merely physics, but chemistry, metallurgy, ordnance, and engineering.[34]

In October 1942 Groves and Oppenheimer inspected sites in New Mexico, where they selected a suitable location for the laboratory at Los Alamos. Different Oak Ridge, the ranch school at Los Alamos, forth with 54,000 acres (22,000 ha) of surrounding forest and grazing state, was before long acquired.[35] Groves too detected in Oppenheimer something that many others did not, an "overweening ambition" which Groves reckoned would supply the drive necessary to button the project to a successful conclusion. Groves became convinced that Oppenheimer was the all-time and only man to run the laboratory.[34]

Few agreed with him in 1942. Oppenheimer had little administrative feel and, unlike other potential candidates, no Nobel Prize. There was also concern near whether Oppenheimer was a security risk, as many of his associates were communists, including his blood brother Frank Oppenheimer, his wife Kitty, and his girlfriend Jean Tatlock.[36] Oppenheimer'south Communist Political party connections soon came to light,[37] but Groves personally waived the security requirements and issued Oppenheimer a clearance on 20 July 1943.[38] Groves' faith in Oppenheimer was ultimately justified. Oppenheimer's inspirational leadership fostered practical approaches to designing and building bombs. Asked years later why Groves chose him, Oppenheimer replied that the full general "had a fatal weakness for good men."[39] Isidor Rabi considered the engagement "a real stroke of genius on the part of General Groves, who was not generally considered to be a genius ..."[34]

Oblique aerial view of an enormous U-shaped building.

Groves made critical decisions on prioritizing the diverse methods of isotope separation and acquiring raw materials needed past the scientists and engineers. By the fourth dimension he assumed control of the project, it was evident that the AA-3 priority rating that Marshall had obtained was bereft. The top ratings were AA-1 through AA-4 in descending guild, although there was as well a special AAA rating reserved for emergencies. Ratings AA-1 and AA-two were for essential weapons and equipment, then Colonel Lucius D. Clay, the deputy primary of staff at Services and Supply for requirements and resources, felt that the highest rating he could assign was AA-3, although he was willing to provide an AAA rating on request for critical materials to remove bottlenecks.[xl] Groves went to Donald M. Nelson, the chairman of the War Production Lath and, subsequently threatening to have the matter to the President, obtained a AAA priority for the Manhattan projection. It was agreed that the AA-3 priority would nevertheless be used where possible.[41]

The Combined Evolution Trust was established past the governments of the United Kingdom, Us and Canada in June 1944, with Groves as its chairman, to procure uranium and thorium ores on international markets. In 1944, the trust purchased 3,440,000 pounds (1,560,000 kg) of uranium oxide ore from companies operating mines in the Belgian Congo. In order to avoid briefing Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr. on the project, a special account non subject to the usual auditing and controls was used to hold Trust monies. Between 1944 and the time he resigned from the Trust in 1947, Groves deposited a total of $37.5 million into the Trust'south business relationship.[42]

Two men in shirts and a ties. One is sitting at a desk and the other standing. Both are talking on telephones.

In 1943, the Manhattan District became responsible for collecting war machine intelligence on Axis atomic research. Groves created Operation Alsos, special intelligence teams that would follow in the wake of the advancing armies, rounding up enemy scientists and collecting what technical data and technology they could. Alsos teams ultimately operated in Italy, France and Deutschland.[43] The security system resembled that of other engineer districts. The Manhattan District organized its own counterintelligence which gradually grew in size and scope,[44] but strict security measures failed to prevent the Soviets from conducting a successful espionage program that stole some of its well-nigh important secrets.[45]

Groves met with General Hap Arnold, the Chief of U.S. Regular army Air Forces, in March 1944 to talk over the delivery of the finished bombs to their targets. Groves was hoping that the Boeing B-29 Superfortress would be able to carry the finished bombs. The 509th Composite Group was duly activated on 17 Dec 1944 at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, under the command of Colonel Paul Due west. Tibbets.[46] [47] A joint Manhattan Commune – USAAF targeting committee was established to decide which cities in Nihon should be targets; it recommended Kokura, Hiroshima, Niigata, and Kyoto. At this bespeak, Secretary of War Henry 50. Stimson intervened, announcing that he would be making the targeting conclusion, and that he would not authorize the bombing of Kyoto. Groves attempted to get him to modify his mind several times and Stimson refused every time. Kyoto had been the majuscule of Nihon for centuries, and was of great cultural and religious significance. In the end, Groves asked Arnold to remove Kyoto not merely from the list of nuclear targets, but from targets for conventional bombing besides.[48] Nagasaki was substituted for Kyoto equally a target.[49]

A man smiling in a suit in suit and one in a uniform chat around a pile of twisted metal.

Groves and Oppenheimer at the Trinity test site in September 1945. The white overshoes were to prevent fallout from sticking to the soles of their shoes.

Groves was promoted to temporary major general on 9 March 1944.[16] After the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki became public knowledge, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. His citation read:

Major General Leslie Richard Groves, as Commanding General, Manhattan Engineer Commune, Regular army Service Forces, from June 1942 to August 1945 coordinated, administered and controlled a project of unprecedented, world-wide significance—the evolution of the Atomic Flop. His was the responsibility for procuring materiel and personnel, marshalling the forces of authorities and manufacture, erecting huge plants, blending the scientific efforts of the United States and foreign countries, and maintaining completely secret the search for a key to release diminutive free energy. He achieved his job with such outstanding success that in an amazingly short time the Manhattan Engineer District solved this problem of staggering complexity, defeating the Axis powers in the race to produce an musical instrument whose peacetime potentialities are no less marvellous than its wartime awarding is crawly. The achievement of General Groves is of unfathomable importance to the futurity of the nation and the world.[50]

Groves had previously been nominated for the Distinguished Service Medal for his piece of work on the Pentagon, but to avoid drawing attending to the Manhattan Project, it had not been awarded at the time. Afterward the war, the Decorations Lath decided to change information technology to a Legion of Merit.[50] In recognition of his work on the project, the Belgian government made him a Commander of the Lodge of the Crown and the British government made him an honorary Companion of the Club of the Bath.[16]

After the war [edit]

Men in suits and uniforms stand on a dais decorated with bunting and salute.

Responsibility for nuclear power and nuclear weapons was transferred from the Manhattan Commune to the Atomic Energy Committee on i January 1947.[51] On 29 January 1947, Secretarial assistant of State of war Robert P. Patterson and Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal issued a joint directive creating the Armed Forces Special Weapons Projection (AFSWP) to command the war machine aspects of nuclear weapons. Groves was appointed its primary on 28 February 1947. In April, AFSWP moved from the New War Section Edifice to the fifth floor of the Pentagon. Groves had already made a showtime on the new mission by creating Sandia Base in 1946.[52]

The Army Chief of Staff, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, met with Groves on xxx January 1948 to evaluate his performance. Eisenhower recounted a long list of complaints nigh Groves pertaining to his rudeness, arrogance, insensitivity, contempt for the rules and maneuvering for promotion out of turn. Eisenhower fabricated it clear that Groves would never become Chief of Engineers. Groves realized that in the rapidly shrinking postwar military he would not be given any assignment similar in importance to the one he had held in the Manhattan Project, as such posts would become to combat commanders returning from overseas, and he decided to leave the Army.[53] He was promoted to lieutenant general on 24 January 1948, just before his retirement on 29 February 1948, in recognition of his leadership of the Manhattan Project. Past special Deed of Congress his appointment of rank was backdated to sixteen July 1945, the date of the Trinity nuclear test.[16]

Later life [edit]

Groves went on to become a vice president at Sperry Rand, an equipment and electronics firm, and moved to Darien, Connecticut, in 1948,[54] and retired at age 65 in 1961.[55] He besides served every bit president of the W Bespeak alumni system, the Association of Graduates. He presented General of the Army Douglas MacArthur the Sylvanus Thayer Award in 1962, which was the occasion of MacArthur's famous Duty, Honor, Land speech to the U.S. Military University Corps of Cadets. In retirement, Groves wrote an account of the Manhattan Project entitled Now It Tin Be Told, originally published in 1962.[55] In 1964, he moved back to Washington, D.C.[56]

Groves suffered a eye attack[57] caused by chronic calcification of the aortic valve on 13 July 1970. He was rushed to Walter Reed Army Medical Centre in Washington, where he died that night at historic period 73.[58] [59] A funeral service was held in the chapel at Fort Myer, Virginia, after which Groves was interred in Arlington National Cemetery adjacent to his brother Allen, who had died of pneumonia in 1916.[threescore]

Legacy [edit]

Groves is memorialized at a namesake park along the Columbia River, about the Hanford Site in Richland, Washington.[61]

In 2007, Groves was portrayed past Eric Owens in the Lyric Opera of Chicago's work Doctor Diminutive. The opera follows Oppenheimer, Groves, Teller and others in the days preceding the Trinity test.[62] In the 1989 movie Fat Human and Little Boy, Groves was portrayed past Paul Newman.[63] In Twenty-four hours One, a Tv-movie broadcast the aforementioned year, he was played by Brian Dennehy. In the miniseries War and Remembrance, broadcast in 1988, and based on the novel by Herman Wouk, he was portrayed by George Murdock. He was portrayed past Richard Masur in the 1995 film Hiroshima.

Groves will be played by Matt Damon in Christopher Nolan'southward upcoming 2023 film Oppenheimer.[64]

Orders, decorations and medals [edit]

Mexican Service Medal ribbon.svg Army of Occupation of Germany ribbon.svg
World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg
ArmyQualMarksmanBadgeHi.jpg
ArmyQualBadgeRifleBarHi.jpg
Distinguished Service Medal Legion Of Merit
Mexican Service Medal Globe War I Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal (1918)
American Defense force Service Medal American Campaign Medal Earth State of war II Victory Medal
Marksmanship Bluecoat
with Rifle Bar

Dates of rank [edit]

Insignia Rank Component Engagement
No insignia Buck United states Military machine Academy xv June 1916[65]
No pivot insignia at the fourth dimension Second lieutenant Regular Army 1 November 1918[65]
US-O2 insignia.svg First lieutenant Regular Army one May 1919[65]
US-O3 insignia.svg Helm Regular Ground forces 20 October 1934[65]
US-O4 insignia.svg Major Regular Regular army 1 July 1940[65]
US-O6 insignia.svg Colonel Army of the United States 14 November 1940[65]
US-O7 insignia.svg Brigadier full general Army of the United States half-dozen September 1942[65]
US-O5 insignia.svg Lieutenant colonel Regular Army eleven December 1942[65]
US-O8 insignia.svg Major general Ground forces of the U.s. nine March 1944[66]
US-O7 insignia.svg Brigadier general Regular Army 6 December 1945[66]
US-O8 insignia.svg Major general Regular Army 29 February 1948[66]
US-O9 insignia.svg Lieutenant general Ground forces, Retired (Honorary) 24 Jan 1948 (with event from 16 July 1945, per Private Law 394-A of the 80th Congress)[66]

[65] [66]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Fine & Remington 1972, pp. 158–159
  2. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, pp. 124–125
  3. ^ a b Norris 2002, pp. 25–28
  4. ^ "General Leslie Groves's Interview – Office 2". Voices of the Manhattan Project. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  5. ^ Norris 2002, pp. 34–37
  6. ^ Norris 2002, pp. 43–47
  7. ^ Norris 2002, pp. 51–54
  8. ^ Norris 2002, pp. 61–69
  9. ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 426
  10. ^ a b c d e f Cullum 1930, pp. 1337–1338
  11. ^ a b Norris 2002, pp. 87–90
  12. ^ Ermenc 1989, pp. 208, 209.
  13. ^ a b Norris 2002, pp. 96–98
  14. ^ a b Norris 2002, pp. 100–105
  15. ^ Cullum 1940, p. 382
  16. ^ a b c d Cullum 1950, p. 371
  17. ^ a b c d Fine & Remington 1972, pp. 241–243
  18. ^ a b c d e 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Toll Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United states: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antique Gild. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Coin? A Historical Price Index for Employ every bit a Deflator of Money Values in the Economic system of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Banking concern of Minneapolis. "Consumer Cost Index (judge) 1800–". Retrieved sixteen April 2022.
  19. ^ Nichols 1987, p. 108
  20. ^ Fine & Remington 1972, pp. 430–431
  21. ^ Fine & Remington 1972, pp. 431–439
  22. ^ Fine & Remington 1972, pp. 511–512
  23. ^ Fine & Remington 1972, pp. 608–609
  24. ^ Fine & Remington 1972, p. 513
  25. ^ a b Fine & Remington 1972, pp. 659–661
  26. ^ Groves 1962, pp. 3–4
  27. ^ Groves 1962, pp. four–5
  28. ^ Nichols 1987, p. 132.
  29. ^ Groves 1962, pp. 27–28
  30. ^ Jones 1985, p. 88
  31. ^ Fine & Remington 1972, p. 663
  32. ^ Groves 1962, pp. 25–26
  33. ^ Fine & Remington 1972, pp. 663–664
  34. ^ a b c Bird & Sherwin 2005, pp. 185–187
  35. ^ Fine & Remington 1972, pp. 664–665
  36. ^ Nichols 1987, pp. 72–73
  37. ^ Jones 1985, pp. 260–263
  38. ^ Groves 1962, pp. 61–63
  39. ^ Norris 2002, p. 242
  40. ^ Jones 1985, pp. 57–61
  41. ^ Jones 1985, pp. 80–82
  42. ^ Jones 1985, pp. xc, 299–306
  43. ^ Groves 1962, pp. 189–194
  44. ^ Jones 1985, pp. 254–259
  45. ^ Jones 1985, pp. 265–266
  46. ^ Herman 2012, pp. 313–315, 332
  47. ^ Groves 1962, pp. 253–259
  48. ^ Groves 1962, pp. 268–276
  49. ^ Groves 1962, p. 308
  50. ^ a b Norris 2002, p. 443
  51. ^ Jones 1985, pp. 596–601
  52. ^ Norris 2002, pp. 490–491
  53. ^ Norris 2002, pp. 502–504
  54. ^ Norris 2002, p. 505
  55. ^ a b Norris 2002, pp. 517–519
  56. ^ Norris 2002, p. 533
  57. ^ "Headed A-Bomb Development – Heart Attack Claims Life Of Lt. Gen. Leslie Groves (1970)". Standard-Speaker. xv July 1970. p. i. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  58. ^ "A-bomb'southward boss dies afterward heart attack". Eugene Register-Guard. Oregon. United Press International. fourteen July 1970. p. 1A. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  59. ^ "General dies". Spokane Daily Relate. (Washington). Associated Press. 14 July 1970. p. 1. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  60. ^ Norris 2002, pp. 69, 537–539
  61. ^ Leslie Groves – Hanford Site, Usa Department of Energy, retrieved four October 2010
  62. ^ "Sounds of silence resonate in Lyric'southward "Dr. Atomic" (Oppenheimer & Groves) (2007)". The Daily Herald. sixteen Dec 2007. p. 32. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  63. ^ Fat Man and Picayune Boy at IMDb
  64. ^ Kroll, Justin (2 November 2021). "Robert Downey Jr. And Matt Damon Latest Stars To Join Christopher Nolan's 'Oppenheimer'". Deadline . Retrieved 3 Feb 2022.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g h i Official Army and Air Force Register (Book I: A to Q). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Press Office. 1948.
  66. ^ a b c d e Official Army Register, Volume I (United States Regular army: Active and Retired Lists). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Function. 1950.

References [edit]

  • Ancell, R. Manning; Miller, Christine (1996). The Biographical Lexicon of World War Ii Generals and Flag Officers: The US Armed forces. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN0-313-29546-8. OCLC 33862161.
  • Bird, Kai; Sherwin, Martin J. (2005). American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN0-375-41202-vi. OCLC 56753298.
  • Cullum, George W. (1930). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.s.a. Armed services University at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Book VII 1920–1930. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  • Cullum, George W. (1940). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at W Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Book VIII 1930–1940. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press. Retrieved vi October 2015.
  • Cullum, George W. (1950). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.s. Military Academy at West Bespeak New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume IX 1940–1950. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Printing. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  • Ermenc, Joseph J., ed. (1989). Atomic Bomb Scientists: Memoirs, 1939–1945. Westport, Connecticut: Meckler. ISBN0-88736-267-ii. OCLC 708445679.
  • Fine, Lenore; Remington, Jesse A. (1972). The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 834187.
  • Groves, Leslie (1962). Now Information technology Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project . New York: Harper. ISBN0-306-70738-1. OCLC 537684.
  • Herman, Arthur (2012). Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in Earth War 2. New York: Random Business firm. ISBN978-1-4000-6964-4. OCLC 756377562.
  • Jones, Vincent (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb. Washington, D.C.: The states Army Middle of Military History. OCLC 10913875.
  • Lawren, William (1988). The General and the Bomb: A Biography of General Leslie R. Groves, Director of the Manhattan Project. New York: Dodd, Mead. ISBN0-396-08761-2. OCLC 6868107.
  • Nichols, Kenneth D. (1987). The Road to Trinity. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN0-688-06910-X. OCLC 15223648.
  • Norris, Robert S. (2002). Racing for the Bomb: General Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project's Indispensable Man . South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press. ISBN1-58642-039-9. OCLC 48544060.
  • Rhodes, Richard 50. (1986). The Making of the Atomic Flop. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN0-671-44133-7. OCLC 13793436.

External links [edit]

  • "1965 Audio Interviews with Full general Leslie R. Groves by Stephane Groueff". Voices of the Manhattan Project . Retrieved 14 September 2015. 11 hours of interviews with Groves on the Manhattan Project.
  • "The First Nuclear Test in New Mexico". WGBH American Experience. 18 July 1945. Archived from the original on eleven September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015. Memorandum for the Secretary of War, Groves describes the first Trinity (nuclear examination) in New Mexico.
  • Papers of Leslie Groves at the National Archives and Records Administration
  • Arlington National Cemetery
  • Generals of World War 2

How Much Does A Retired Lieutenant General Make With 41 Years Service,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groves

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